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GNU Coreutils
*************
This manual documents version 8.22 of the GNU core utilities, including
the standard programs for text and file manipulation.
Copyright (C) 1994-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Menu
* Introduction Caveats, overview, and authors
* Common options Common options
* Output of entire files cat tac nl od base64
* Formatting file contents fmt pr fold
* Output of parts of files head tail split csplit
* Summarizing files wc sum cksum md5sum sha1sum sha2
* Operating on sorted files sort shuf uniq comm ptx tsort
* Operating on fields cut paste join
* Operating on characters tr expand unexpand
* Directory listing ls dir vdir dircolors
* Basic operations cp dd install mv rm shred
* Special file types mkdir rmdir unlink mkfifo mknod ln link readlink
* Changing file attributes chgrp chmod chown touch
* Disk usage df du stat sync truncate
* Printing text echo printf yes
* Conditions false true test expr
* Redirection tee
* File name manipulation dirname basename pathchk mktemp realpath
* Working context pwd stty printenv tty
* User information id logname whoami groups users who
* System context date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime
* SELinux context chcon runcon
* Modified command invocation chroot env nice nohup stdbuf timeout
* Process control kill
* Delaying sleep
* Numeric operations factor seq
* File permissions Access modes
* Date input formats Specifying date strings
* Opening the software toolbox The software tools philosophy
* GNU Free Documentation License Copying and sharing this manual
* Concept index General index
-- The Detailed Node Listing --
Common Options
* Exit status Indicating program success or failure
* Backup options Backup options
* Block size Block size
* Floating point Floating point number representation
* Signal specifications Specifying signals
* Disambiguating names and IDs chgrp and chown owner and group syntax
* Random sources Sources of random data
* Target directory Target directory
* Trailing slashes Trailing slashes
* Traversing symlinks Traversing symlinks to directories
* Treating / specially Treating / specially
* Standards conformance Standards conformance
Output of entire files
* cat invocation Concatenate and write files
* tac invocation Concatenate and write files in reverse
* nl invocation Number lines and write files
* od invocation Write files in octal or other formats
* base64 invocation Transform data into printable data
Formatting file contents
* fmt invocation Reformat paragraph text
* numfmt invocation Reformat numbers
* pr invocation Paginate or columnate files for printing
* fold invocation Wrap input lines to fit in specified width
Output of parts of files
* head invocation Output the first part of files
* tail invocation Output the last part of files
* split invocation Split a file into fixed-size pieces
* csplit invocation Split a file into context-determined pieces
Summarizing files
* wc invocation Print newline, word, and byte counts
* sum invocation Print checksum and block counts
* cksum invocation Print CRC checksum and byte counts
* md5sum invocation Print or check MD5 digests
* sha1sum invocation Print or check SHA-1 digests
* sha2 utilities Print or check SHA-2 digests
Operating on sorted files
* sort invocation Sort text files
* shuf invocation Shuffle text files
* uniq invocation Uniquify files
* comm invocation Compare two sorted files line by line
* ptx invocation Produce a permuted index of file contents
* tsort invocation Topological sort
'ptx': Produce permuted indexes
* General options in ptx Options which affect general program behavior
* Charset selection in ptx Underlying character set considerations
* Input processing in ptx Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection
* Output formatting in ptx Types of output format, and sizing the fields
* Compatibility in ptx The GNU extensions to 'ptx'
Operating on fields
* cut invocation Print selected parts of lines
* paste invocation Merge lines of files
* join invocation Join lines on a common field
Operating on characters
* tr invocation Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
* expand invocation Convert tabs to spaces
* unexpand invocation Convert spaces to tabs
'tr': Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
* Character sets Specifying sets of characters
* Translating Changing one set of characters to another
* Squeezing Squeezing repeats and deleting
Directory listing
* ls invocation List directory contents
* dir invocation Briefly list directory contents
* vdir invocation Verbosely list directory contents
* dircolors invocation Color setup for 'ls'
'ls': List directory contents
* Which files are listed Which files are listed
* What information is listed What information is listed
* Sorting the output Sorting the output
* Details about version sort More details about version sort
* General output formatting General output formatting
* Formatting the file names Formatting the file names
Basic operations
* cp invocation Copy files and directories
* dd invocation Convert and copy a file
* install invocation Copy files and set attributes
* mv invocation Move (rename) files
* rm invocation Remove files or directories
* shred invocation Remove files more securely
Special file types
* link invocation Make a hard link via the link syscall
* ln invocation Make links between files
* mkdir invocation Make directories
* mkfifo invocation Make FIFOs (named pipes)
* mknod invocation Make block or character special files
* readlink invocation Print value of a symlink or canonical file name
* rmdir invocation Remove empty directories
* unlink invocation Remove files via unlink syscall
Changing file attributes
* chown invocation Change file owner and group
* chgrp invocation Change group ownership
* chmod invocation Change access permissions
* touch invocation Change file timestamps
Disk usage
* df invocation Report file system disk space usage
* du invocation Estimate file space usage
* stat invocation Report file or file system status
* sync invocation Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
* truncate invocation Shrink or extend the size of a file
Printing text
* echo invocation Print a line of text
* printf invocation Format and print data
* yes invocation Print a string until interrupted
Conditions
* false invocation Do nothing, unsuccessfully
* true invocation Do nothing, successfully
* test invocation Check file types and compare values
* expr invocation Evaluate expressions
'test': Check file types and compare values
* File type tests File type tests
* Access permission tests Access permission tests
* File characteristic tests File characteristic tests
* String tests String tests
* Numeric tests Numeric tests
'expr': Evaluate expression
* String expressions + : match substr index length
* Numeric expressions + - * / %
* Relations for expr | & < <= = == != >= >
* Examples of expr Examples of using 'expr'
Redirection
* tee invocation Redirect output to multiple files or processes
File name manipulation
* basename invocation Strip directory and suffix from a file name
* dirname invocation Strip last file name component
* pathchk invocation Check file name validity and portability
* mktemp invocation Create temporary file or directory
* realpath invocation Print resolved file names
Working context
* pwd invocation Print working directory
* stty invocation Print or change terminal characteristics
* printenv invocation Print all or some environment variables
* tty invocation Print file name of terminal on standard input
'stty': Print or change terminal characteristics
* Control Control settings
* Input Input settings
* Output Output settings
* Local Local settings
* Combination Combination settings
* Characters Special characters
* Special Special settings
User information
* id invocation Print user identity
* logname invocation Print current login name
* whoami invocation Print effective user ID
* groups invocation Print group names a user is in
* users invocation Print login names of users currently logged in
* who invocation Print who is currently logged in
System context
* arch invocation Print machine hardware name
* date invocation Print or set system date and time
* nproc invocation Print the number of processors
* uname invocation Print system information
* hostname invocation Print or set system name
* hostid invocation Print numeric host identifier
* uptime invocation Print system uptime and load
'date': Print or set system date and time
* Time conversion specifiers %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ]
* Date conversion specifiers %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY]
* Literal conversion specifiers %[%nt]
* Padding and other flags Pad with zeros, spaces, etc.
* Setting the time Changing the system clock
* Options for date Instead of the current time
* Date input formats Specifying date strings
* Examples of date Examples
SELinux context
* chcon invocation Change SELinux context of file
* runcon invocation Run a command in specified SELinux context
Modified command invocation
* chroot invocation Run a command with a different root directory
* env invocation Run a command in a modified environment
* nice invocation Run a command with modified niceness
* nohup invocation Run a command immune to hangups
* stdbuf invocation Run a command with modified I/O buffering
* timeout invocation Run a command with a time limit
Process control
* kill invocation Sending a signal to processes.
Delaying
* sleep invocation Delay for a specified time
Numeric operations
* factor invocation Print prime factors
* seq invocation Print numeric sequences
File permissions
* Mode Structure Structure of file mode bits
* Symbolic Modes Mnemonic representation of file mode bits
* Numeric Modes File mode bits as octal numbers
* Directory Setuid and Setgid Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories
Date input formats
* General date syntax Common rules
* Calendar date items 19 Dec 1994
* Time of day items 9:20pm
* Time zone items EST, PDT, UTC, ...
* Combined date and time of day items 1972-09-24T20:02:00,000000-0500
* Day of week items Monday and others
* Relative items in date strings next tuesday, 2 years ago
* Pure numbers in date strings 19931219, 1440
* Seconds since the Epoch @1078100502
* Specifying time zone rules TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0"
* Authors of parse_datetime Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.
Opening the software toolbox
* Toolbox introduction Toolbox introduction
* I/O redirection I/O redirection
* The who command The 'who' command
* The cut command The 'cut' command
* The sort command The 'sort' command
* The uniq command The 'uniq' command
* Putting the tools together Putting the tools together
Copying This Manual
* GNU Free Documentation License Copying and sharing this manual
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